Sitting Bull Essays

Sitting Bull Essays Sitting Bull Paper Sitting Bull Paper If we live to the biblical life-span of three score years and ten, then the vast majority of our life-cycle will be spent in adulthood an area about which little was known in terms of psychological theory and research until fairly recently. Indeed Levinson et al (1978) go so far as to describe adulthood as one of the best-kept secrets in our society and probably in human history, generally . Can it be possible that by applying the psychological perspective of a theory of lives to an adults passage through life that we could gain a better understanding of an individuals life structure or as Levinson (1978) describes the concept the underlying pattern or design of a persons life at a given time (quoted in Sugarman p. 103)? In an effort to answer this question, I have chosen to examine the life of possibly one of the best known Native American Chiefs namely Sitting Bull (Tatanka-Iyotanka) of the Hunkpapa Sioux. I chose to read 2 biographies on Sitting Bull and although both are on the same person, the authors use different approaches to provide insights into the mans character. The main theories of lives which I chose to apply in this assignment were those of Erikson, (with particular reference to his development of ego strengths) and Maslow, since I felt that they were likely to be more relevant, given Sitting Bulls cultural background, then a more modern theory such as Levinsons. Also, much of Eriksons research was done amongst the Sioux Indians while if we were to look at the fifteen characteristic traits of self-actualising people as identified by Maslow (quoted in Sugarman, pp. 31-34), then it could certainly be suggested that Sitting Bull was operating successfully at some, if not indeed all, of these levels. Stanley Vestals biography Sitting Bull Champion of the Sioux (3rd ed. 1989) approached the character of Sitting Bull by way of the literary method after spending 5 years gathering information for the original edition of the book in 1932. Vestal spent much of his youth living in Indian Territory, playing games with Cheyenne and Arapaho boys and consequently developing what would seem to be an abiding interest in their culture. Upon deciding to write a biography on Sitting Bull after the first World War, he returned to Sioux country where there were still tribal members living who had experienced Indian life firsthand along with some who had known Sitting Bull personally. It is worth mentioning here that only those who actually knew the Sioux and could merit their confidence were able to secure factual data so perhaps a strong point in Vestals favour, at least from my personal point of view, was the realisation that he had obviously gained enough of the Siouxs confidence to be adopted, as a son, in 1929 by One Bull, a nephew of Sitting Bull; who along with another nephew, White Bull (supposedly the Indian who actually killed Custer at Little Big Horn) provided their support and co-operation to enable their uncles life story to be printed. Indeed for more than half a century, Vestals work dominated book-shelves as the standard biography of Sitting Bull, a fact acknowledged by Robert Utley in my other chosen reading The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull (1998) which builds the character of Sitting Bull by historical method; although he does admit that sources he used provided him with enough persuasive evidence to corroborate the essence of the image recalled for Vestal by White Bull, One Bull and the other Indians of the 1920s The problem which Utley seems to suffer from is similar to the one which I also faced when attempting to apply the relevance of a theory of lives to Sitting Bulls life-history in that it is difficult to look at him in terms of his cultural norms and not mine, although there are occasions when it has been possible to use what little knowledge I have learned about his culture to perhaps better understand his motivations or at least not pass judgement on him through my lack of understanding. Sitting Bull was born in March 1831 at Many-Caches on the south bank of Grand River, South Dakota. As a child he was nicknamed Slow, seemingly because even as a child, he did not instantly put food from his hand to his mouth (as is the habit of most babies) but instead held the food in his hand, constantly turning it over and looking at it before deciding to eat it although once he accepted it, however, he never let go (Vestal, p. 3), and as we will discover this tenacity was a characteristic which he maintained right up to the day that he died. Even as a child, Sitting Bull was proud of his nation and longed for the time when he could share the brave adventures of the warriors. We need to understand here that to the Sioux prestige, especially won on the warpath was an all important dream so it seems small wonder that at the age of 14, Sitting Bull was so eager to prove to the Sioux that he was a man that he followed his father and other warriors on a raid against the Crow where he successfully achieved the goal of every Indian warrior namely counting coup, i. e.touching or striking the enemy with the hand or with a coup-stick. Although our culture may find it difficult to comprehend, Indians regarded hand-to-hand combat as the only manly form of battle even after they had obtained long-range weapons because the prime object of Plains Indian warfare was not bloodshed or manslaughter of the enemy, but a way of distinguishing oneself. Consequently, counting coup was rated by the Indians as a more greater war honour than the mere killing of an enemy and indeed all their social privileges were dependent upon achieving as many coups as possible. Small wonder then that at age 14, Sitting Bull appeared to be particularly concerned with finding his own personal space in Sioux adult society. He certainly seems to have obtained formal operational thought as defined by Piaget in that he could think what others would think of him, because before riding off to join his father and the other warriors, he was able to conceive that had he informed his mother and his two sisters of his intentions then they would soon remind him that he was just a boy, only fourteen years old (Vestal, p. 8), and also of how upon catching up with the other warriors he felt the silent disapproval of these men (Vestal, p. 8). At this stage of his life, Sitting Bull might be seen as matching Eriksons 5th stage of psychosocial development, since he seems to have gained some understanding of the values and beliefs of his culture to which he felt he must show commitment and loyalty, thus he appears to have been successful in producing the ego strength of fidelity whereby the need is felt to be true to ourselves. Indeed, Erikson suggests that the achievement of a sense of self-identity can carry people through difficult times in their lives and provide them with a feeling of being at home in ones body, a sense of knowing where one is going and an inner assurance of anticipated recognition from those who count (Gross p. 633) It might also be suggested that even at the young age of 14, Sitting Bull seems to be motivated to address himself to the 4th level in Maslows hierarchy of needs self esteem, since he appears to be seeking a high level of self-respect and also respect from others which, when satisfied, leads as Maslow suggests to feelings of self-confidence, worth, strength, capability, and adequacy, of being useful and necessary in the world (Maslow, 1970, p.45 quoted in Sugarman, p. 31). Having achieved a sense of adult identity, Erikson suggests that the developmental task of early adulthood is to achieve the ego strength of love achieved through the establishment of intimacy the adaptive outcome of his 6th psychosocial stage. The maladaptive outcome of this stage is isolation, although it should be stressed here that Erikson does not see these adaptive/maladaptive personality outcomes as either/or alternatives, suggesting instead that every personality represents a mixture of both with healthy development involving the adaptive outweighing the maladaptive. With regard to Sitting Bulls exploits in early adulthood, it should be recognised that Sioux mores exalted female chastity a point seemingly observed by General Sully in his official statement that the females of the wild bands of Sioux, called the Teton Sioux, set an example of virtue worthy of being copied by any civilized nation (Vestal p. 24).

Protecting Intellectual Property Rights In Software Essay

Protecting Intellectual Property Rights In Software - Essay Example In addition, the rules which come under ‘intellectual property right’ offer various techniques for saving these rights of possession depending on their category. However, there are fundamentally 4 kinds of intellectual property rights which are applied to software, copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secrets. Additionally, each type offers a specific legal defense. For instance, copyrights, patents and trade secrets are utilized to protect the technology itself. Moreover, trademarks do not protect technology; however they are used to protect symbols or names used to differentiate a product in the market (Freibrun, 2011; ZINNOV LLC, 2001; Locklizard, 2011). This paper outlines some of the important ways to protect intellectual property in software industry. This paper will discuss intellectual property rights which are used for software such as copyright, patent and trademark. Copyright Software copyright is a rule or regulation that affects anybody who makes use of a computer, and especially the companies; it is not rare for a company to face civil or yet illegal proceedings for software copyright violation. On the other hand, it is a difficult part of law that is not extensively recognized (Kerr, 2007; InnovAccess, 2009. In addition, software copyright is not fundamentally dissimilar from some other kinds of copyright. Though, there are specific scenario of copyright law that is explicit to software, for the reason that there are realistic dissimilarities among software as well as other aspects that can be copyrighted (poems, books, sculptures, drawings, etc.). Additionally, the copyright law offers a programmer (or in the scenario of a working programmer, that programmer's company) an extensive degree of power over the system/application/program that he or she develops. For instance, the proprietor of copyright in a part of computer software that has the right to stop others from making copies of the software, or some considerable fraction of the software, whether the copy right infringer creates the copy by pasting application on hard disk, floppy disk, CD ROM, or by printing out a hard copy of the code of the software (Kerr, 2007; InnovAccess, 2009). When somebody develops a unique piece of application/code/software, that individual then apply something known as copyright to that application. In addition, applying the copyright to application or software outlines that owner of that particular application has the security of the law thus nobody can attempt to take their software. Additionally, under copyright law, people are not allowed to: (Copley, 2011) Make a copy the application or software intended for other people Loan the software to some other individuals Offer the software on rent to other people Making an illegal installation of application on a network when other people are able to make use of its or access it Moreover, if somebody does not comply with the law or regulation of copyright, they could be pena lized with fines or even through imprisonment. The cause for this is that making software engages work of a lot of people and might take thousands of hours. It is simply fair that all this effort is protected (Copley, 2011). In this scenario, the US Copyright Office recognizes the software to be â€Å"a group of declarations or commands to be employed openly or not directly in a system to carry about a specific output.† However, copyright security is not implemented to thoughts, ideas, program logic, algorithms, techniques or layouts (ClickandCopyright, 2011). In addition, in software copyrights scenario the

HSC PharmacologyTerm Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HSC PharmacologyTerm Project - Assignment Example The treatment has been somehow demanding due to the fact that P. falciparum develops resistance to any new medicine discovered to treat malaria. Due to this several pharmacological agents have been set in different times to cure malaria. Other plasmodium species that cause malaria are P. vivax, P. Ovale and P. malariae. Chloroquine also known as 4-aminoquinoline has been used to treat malaria caused by falciparum species in the malaria prone areas until this parasite developed a resistant to it. Chloroquine is a weak base that concentrates after mixing with the lysosome of the parasite, probably through parasite-specific drug concentrating mechanism. It’s a weak base and its concentration increases in the lysosome of the parasite probably through parasite –specific drug concentrating mechanism. After infection the parasite digests the hemoglobin forming ferriprotoporphorin IX known as haem which is very toxic to the parasite. However the parasite contains plasmodialhaem polymerase that converts haem to a red pigment associated with malaria referred to as haemozoin, harmless to the parasite. Chloroquine inhibits this enzyme and thus accumulation of haem destroys the parasite by membranolytic action. Moreover chloroquine intercalates in the parasites DNA and also causes fragmentation of its RNA. Chloroquine can be used for clinical cure where it lowers the effect of fever and destroys all the parasites in the blood in 24 hours as well as control method. Chloroquine is only a fundamental treatment for P. falciparum infection and not for P.vivax or P. ovale since the latter contain hypnozoites in the exo-erythrocytic phase that lead to clinical setback attack. However progaunil is combined with it to prevent these relapse in chemoprophylaxis. Due to the resistant nature of P.falciparum maloprim is combined. Apart from

Friends Essay Example for Free

Friends Essay A friend is someone who is helpful and kind. A friend is someone who you know and like and who likes you too. A friend is not an enemy. I have many different friends. Friends at school, at church, at sports and even overseas. Friends are special to me. Today, I want to share with you why friends such as all of you, are important to me. Body Firstly, friends provide me with support and courage. They laugh with me when I am happy. They cheer me on when I am in a race. When I win, they celebrate with me. For example, last year, at the Athletics Carnival, we all supported each other in our races. Friends cheer me up when I am sad. They try to make me laugh by entertaining me or tickling me out of my sadness. When I am hurt or feel sick, they care for me. When I have a problem or when I am struggling, they help me out. For example, when I lost my school hat last year, Hannah and Luke helped me look for it after school. I had searched for it everywhere and was ready to give up. But then, Luke spotted a hat which had been blown way out into the oval by the wind. He ran to pick it up and thankfully, it was my missing hat. I do not feel afraid or lonely at school because of my friends. I know they will stand up for me if I get bullied and they will stay by my side. Secondly, friends help me learn and try new things and ideas. Conclusion Friends are important to me. They support me, help me learn and most importantly, are honest with me and care for me. I think it is important that we treat our friends well, with respect and kindness, just like how they treat us. I am thankful for the many wonderful friends I have here at my Public School .

The Forests Symbolisim in The Scarlet Letter Essay -- essays research

A Refuge from Prosecution: The Forest in The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter is a tale of constant trial and punishment. For Hester Prynne, there is no escape from the shame and belittlement she has been forced to endure within puritan society. However, like the puritans who had escaped prosecution by migrating from England to the New World, characters in The Scarlet Letter can escape the prosecution of puritan society by visiting the forest. It is a symbolic realm that embodies freedom and privacy, and the only sanctuary for those who seek liberty to express their true nature, whether it be through acts of love, or heresy. The forest as a symbol of escape from puritan society is persistent throughout the novel through its use by the witches and the Black Man, Dimmesdale and Hester?s interactions there, and Pearl?s union with nature there. From its earliest significant mention in the novel, the forest is portrayed as a place of lawlessness and mystery, as demonstrated by its most frequent visitors, the witches, and the Black Man that inhabits it. Early in the book, after Hester and Pearl visit Governor Bellingham?s estate, they are accosted by Mistress Hibbins, who is referred to as a witch, and is in good company with the Black Man of the forest. Mistress Hibbins invites Hester to some sort of meeting that would take place that night in the forest, which one can only assume is of some Satanic or heretical nature. ?Wilt thou go with us tonight (120) she asks, but Hester refuses. The Black Man and his book are themselves symbols of heresy and dissent from puritan law. The Black Man never shows himself to anyone in the novel or enters the village, instead, he lurks in the forest?s cover until those who choose to deviate f... ... showing a less hostile nature. She adorns herself with flowers, and is in ?closest sympathy with the antique wood.? (214) Through this description of Pearl, the forest takes on a sympathetic nature, and is portrayed as an environment where one can find peace with one?s surroundings and be in an environment where they feel amicability instead of antagonism. Of all the symbols in The Scarlet Letter, the forest is one of the most important. By providing an escape from the overbearing nature of puritan life, the forest allows characters to be presented in a different backdrop, it can serve as a place of both light and darkness, but above all, liberty. For every character that visits it, the forest is freedom, protection, and peace. Without it, there would be no contrast with the village as well as puritan society, and Hawthorne?s message would not be as convincing.

Intrapersonal communication Essay

Dr. Kelly PenzUniversity of Saskatchewan- College of Nursing In the Article Warrior caregivers: Understanding the challenges and healing of First Nations men, Mussell describes the Medicine wheel as a conceptual framework to guide an individual to understand the four significant aspects of self which includes: physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual aspects of self (Mussell, 2005). In this paper I have utilized the four aspects of self as an integrated approach to display who I am. In terms of the physical aspect of myself, the biggest challenge that I have faced was moving out from home. I used to live with my family in Saskatoon and moved to Regina alone a few weeks ago to pursue my education in Nursing. Along with my education, one of the main reasons to move out was so I could gain some independence. Moving to Regina from Saskatoon has been very difficult for me, as I have been facing many challenges. In terms of living alone now and physically away from my family, it has been hard for me to keep up with a healthy nutritional diet because I have to cook on my own now and I am not experienced in cooking. It has also been hard to keep up with daily exercise due to time management because I am either trying to catch up with schoolwork or working a part time job to cover my expenses such as rent, groceries and much more. While living at home I was the complete opposite of what I am now, I used to eat very healthy and exercise regularly because I didn’t have to worry about working a part time job and neither did I have to make any meals since my mom would always cook. Going from a very dependent individual to an independent individual has taught me many responsibilities and priorities in life and accepting this challenge I believe will help me establish my own identity. Emotionally, I have strong relationships with my family, friends and loved ones. The most important relationship I have with is my family, especially my mom who has raised my sister and I as a single mother. My family has taught me most of my values, disciplines and beliefs. My friends I believe are the ones who understand me the most no matter what the situation is. I am able to share absolutely anything with them, especially my best friend, and receive great advice. The most intimate  relationship I share with is my boyfrien d Dhiren who I have been dating for two years now and being with him makes me feel very loved and a sense of belonging. We share a very understanding trusting relationship where we set limits and boundaries to when it comes to being committed to each other. The several different relationships I have with different people shapes the way I interact with people now because I feel the more I am able to let everything out of me and share it with others, I am able to build on myself in terms of becoming less shy and getting out of my comfort zone to talk to others. Intellectually, I am always eager to learn and take upon new challenges. I am a type of person who learns very quickly and have always taken great interest in my education. Most of the knowledge I encompass has been taught to me by experience or directly through schooling. My work experiences has allowed me to teach others about my knowledge, for example I used to work in a Math learning center where I helped and guide children from grade school to high school with any math questions. Currently I work in a cellphone store and my work allows me to provide knowledge on the latest technology within the several different kinds of phones and educate customers. I believe that the more kn owledge I inherit, it shapes my critical thinking abilities and displays my understanding of everything around me. Spiritually, I am a Muslim and I strongly believe in the faiths and beliefs of the Muslim religion. In the article, Mussell describes the spiritual of self from the Medicine wheel as valuing the creation of Great Spirit which I agree to (Mussell,2005). I believe that God is the creation of everything and I value how much we should worship its creation such as respecting the environment because I think God is always watching over our good and bad deeds. I believe that if one has committed a bad deed then they should be punished for it and people who have done good deeds will be rewarded. My spiritual beliefs in my religion come from the teachings from my family and what their past generations had valued which has shaped me in thinking about religion how I do today. In conclusion, the physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual aspects of self very much structures how one would represent their self identity, how others perceive them and the ideal self image. From my perspective, all four aspects in the Medicine wheel integrate together to create a framework to reflect on how the person I have become, in terms of how I think, the reasoning behind my logic and  how my past experiences has shaped me to the person I am today. References Mussell, W.J Bill . â€Å"WARRIOR-CAREGIVERS: Understanding the Challenges and Healing of First Nations Men.† Aboriginal Healing Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2014. .

The Soul Of A Deceased Child By Toni Morrison - 1340 Words

In 1873, just after the Civil War ended, a house numbered 124 on the edge of Cincinnati, Ohio is haunted by the soul of a deceased child. Sethe, an ex-slave, and her two daughters, Denver and Beloved, occupy the home. The oldest daughter Beloved, however, happens to be the ghost haunting her mother and sister. The bond between a mother and her children is evident throughout Toni Morrison’s 1987 novel, Beloved; seen in Sethe’s lack of a relationship with her mother, and therefore, her desire to properly nurture her own children. Unfortunately, slavery does not allow for the existence of motherhood. The motherly impulse to protect one’s children is innate, but in the dehumanizing realm of slavery, Sethe’s maternal instincts are limited and†¦show more content†¦Sethe’s only other memory of her mother is when Sethe recognizes her mother’s branding on her hanging body. This horrifying image sticks with Sethe her entire life, and causes he r psychological agony. Sethe does not want her children to suffer the pain she has. She wants them to have a relationship with their mother, and especially not see her die. Sethe also remembers that as a baby she was deprived of milk from her mother to survive. Sethe was nursed by another woman, and recalls that â€Å"The little whitebabies got it first and I got what was left nursed her. Or none. There was no nursing milk to call my own. I know what it is to be without the milk that belongs to you; to have to fight and holler for it, and to have so little left† (Morrison 236). Sethe was malnourished and not fed by her own mother, which further stresses the separation between them. Sethe’s few childhood memories of her mother make it extremely important to her to nurse her children. When Sethe is cruelly held down and robbed of this ability, she is more infuriated than the time she is brutally whipped (Morrison 19). When telling a fellow slave about the beating she en dured before escaping, she reiterates, â€Å"they took my milk!† This emphasizes how imperative it was to Sethe to save her milk for her child. Sethe’s lack of motherly nurturing and loss of her mother cause her to want a stronger bond with her own children and a better life for them. The idea that slavery discourages