The Modern Chinese Wedding Ceremony and Banquet

In modern China, the official marriage ceremony is  now substantially different than it was in traditional Chinese custom, where most marriages were arranged according to a social arrangement and were heavily influenced by the philosophy and practices of Confucianism—at least for the majority of Han Chinese. Other ethnic groups traditionally had different customs. These traditional customs were a carry-over from feudal times in China but were changed by two different reforms after the Communist revolution.  Thus, the official act of marriage in modern China is a secular ceremony, not a religious one. However, there remain strong traditional customs in place in many parts of China.   The first reform came with the 1950 marriage law, the first official marriage document for the Peoples Republic of China, in which the feudal nature of traditional marriage was officially eliminated. Another reform came in 1980, at which time individuals were allowed to select their own marriage partners. In an effort to control population numbers, Chinese law today requires men to be at least 22 years of age and women 20 years of age before they can legally marry. It should be noted that while official policy outlaws all the feudal customs, in practice of arranging marriage does persist in many families. Chinese law does not recognize yet recognize same-sex marriage rights. Since 1984 homosexuality is no longer considered a crime, but there is still substantial social disapproval of same-sex relationships. Modern Chinese Wedding Ceremonies Although the official modern Chinese wedding ceremony usually takes place in a city hall office presided over by a government official, the genuine celebration generally occurs later at a private wedding banquet reception that is usually hosted and paid for by the grooms family.  Religious Chinese may also opt to exchange vows at a religious ceremony, but either way, it is at the later banquet reception that the larger celebration occurs, attended by friends and extended family.   The Chinese Wedding Banquet The wedding banquet is a lavish affair lasting two or more hours. Invited guests sign their names in a wedding book or on a large scroll and present their red envelopes to attendants at the entrance of the wedding hall. The envelope is opened and the money is counted while the guest looks on. The guests’ names and amounts of money given are recorded so that the bride and groom know how much each guest gave toward the wedding. This record is helpful for when the couple later attends this guests own wedding—they are expected to offer a gift of more money than they themselves received.   After presenting the red envelope, guests are ushered into a large banquet hall. Guests are sometimes assigned seats but are sometimes welcome to sit where they choose.  Once all the guests have arrived, the wedding party begins. Nearly all Chinese banquets feature an emcee or master of ceremonies who announces the arrival of the bride and groom. The couple’s entrance marks the beginning of the wedding celebration. After one member of the  couple, usually the groom gives a short welcome speech, guests are served the first of nine meal courses. Throughout the meal, the bride and groom enter and re-enter the banquet hall, each time wearing different clothing outfits. While the guests eat, the bride and groom are typically busy changing their clothes and attending to their guests’ needs. The couple typically re-enters the dining hall after the third and sixth courses. Toward the end of the meal but before dessert is served, the bride and groom toast the guests. The groom’s best friend may also offer up a toast. The bride and groom make their way to each table where the guests stand and simultaneously toast the happy couple. Once the bride and groom have visited each table, they exit the hall while dessert is served. Once dessert is served, the wedding celebration  promptly ends. Before leaving, guests line up to greet the bride and groom and their families standing outside the hall in a receiving line. Each guest has a photo taken with the couple and may be offered sweets by the bride. Post-Wedding Rituals After the wedding banquet, close friends and relatives go to the bridal chamber and play tricks on the newlyweds as a way to extend good wishes. The couple then shares a glass of wine and teach traditionally cuts off a lock of hair to symbolize that they are now of one heart. Three, seven or nine days after the wedding, the bride returns to her maiden home to visit her family. Some couples opt to go on a honeymoon vacation as well. There are also customs regarding the birth of the first child.

Ethanol Proposal Essay - 981 Words

Ethanol Proposal Purpose As the number toxin spewing cars rises, pollution has presented itself as a major problem in urban areas. There have been many solutions presented to help solve this problem, but few have been widely accepted by the general public. I believe the pollution problem is one that cannot be solved in one big step, but in smaller steps. I see Ethanol use as one of those steps. The intention of this proposal is to recommend an approach that would lead to widespread use of ethanol. Background Concern about air quality has been around for years. Emissions have long since been a contributing factor to air pollution. Ethanol didnt get its first real big push until the federal Clean Air Acts of 1990. These acts†¦show more content†¦The petroleum industry has long been independent on other countries for oil. We have been lucky enough to live in a time of peace for most of our lives. But as we found out with the gulf war, relations between the U.S. and the Middle East are sometimes shaky. The Persian Gulf area is where two-thirds of the world?s known oil reserves are located. The Persian Gulf is also one the most politically volatile areas in the world. Over sixty-one percent of the oil used by transportation vehicles must be imported from outside the U.S. (Renewable Fuels Association, 1999) Oil consumption in the U.S. is not expected to slow down unless something is done. In fact, oil consumption is expected to rise over twenty percent by the year 2015. Most Americans feel that there is a need to become less dependant on other countries for oil. Eight out of ten voters feel that this dependence is a threat to our economy. Seven out of ten feel that our environment problem related to petroleum combustion should be a major concern. (Ethanol Industry Outlook, 1998) Sitting on only 3% of the world?s reserves while using 25% of the world?s oil, nothing could be more short-sighted than for Americans to abandon the incentives for producing transportation fuel from sustainable sources. Such as abandonment would entrust the future of our energy supplies, and of key aspects of our security, to the potpourri of psychopathic predators, such asShow MoreRelated Pollution and Environment Essay - Modest Proposal for Methanol and Ethanol Power1416 Words   |  6 PagesA Modest Proposal for Methanol and Ethanol Powered Cars      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We need more stringent regulations on car emissions... Lets add MTBE to the fuel- that will reduce pollution... If people would just stop driving so much, pollution wouldnt be so bad... People have long recognized the problems with the gasoline we used now.   We have tried everything from putting regulations on emissions, to putting additives in the gasoline (only to discover later that MTBE got into the groundwater), to campaignsRead More Growth for the Future: Biofuels Essay2818 Words   |  12 Pageslargest producer of corn and a leading agricultural state, may have the solution to the problems caused by the enormous burden of gasoline and diesel powered engines, biofuel. Biofuels coming out of Iowa include biodiesel, a diesel fuel additive, and ethanol, a gasoline additive. Both are locally produced products that reduce domestic dependence on volatile foreign oil prices, decrease polluting emissions and stimulate the local economy. Every internal combustion engine is built the same. It is composedRead MoreDried Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) Leaves in Ethanol Production6983 Words   |  28 PagesMALUNGGAY (Moringa oleifera) LEAVES IN ETHANOL PRODUCTION A Research Proposal Presented to Carmona National High School Special Science Curriculum In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Research I Proponents: Catangay, Jhantal A. Gicana, Emchie Elaine R. Marasigan, Jan Ian B. Natividad, Abigail Jacinthe B. Viaje, Kyrinne Kate M. Zara, Hazel Jane Muriel C. March 2012 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND We all know that ethanol or ethyl alcohol has a very good contributionRead MoreThe Sustainability Of Biofuels Throughout Latin America1223 Words   |  5 Pagespresently in production in LA are bioethanol and biodiesel. Bioethanol is utilized as a substitution for petrol and biodiesel is utilized as a trade for diesel. Fuel ethanol production in LA is mainly based in Brazil, Colombia and Paraguay. The fuel ethanol industry of Central America is at a premature stage, while in Bolivia and Mexico fuel ethanol production is simply starting with the development of a few plants. Biodiesel markets are simply developing in Latin America. Argentina and Columbia haveRead MoreThe Advent Of Industrialized Civilization Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesgreenhouse gases in our atmosphere, and consequently current research is being done to create a more environmental friendly gas product for our nations cars; this product is of course ethanol. Ethanol is a high octane, liquid, domestic and renewable fuel produced by the fermentation of plant sugars. In the United States, ethanol is typically produced from corn and other grain products, although in the future it may be economically produced from other biomass resources such as agricultural and forestry wastesRead MoreGas Prices in the United States1257 Words   |  5 Pagesreality of higher and higher gasoline prices, Zhang and colleges suggest that the continuing development of ethanol could mitigate these financial issues at the pump. In order to reduce fuel volatility the authors suggest †¦increasing the percentage of Brazilian and U.S. ethanol used in the U.S. fuel market (Zhang, 1221). One way to assure that Brazilian ethanol is truly cheaper than American ethanol is to †¦eliminate the 54 cents a gallon import tariff which the U.S. Senate tried to do when SenatorRead MoreAdvantages and Limitations of the Kyoto Protocol1404 Words   |  6 Pagesgreenhouse gases in our atmosphere, and consequently current research is being done to create a more environmental friendly gas product for our nations cars; this product is of course ethanol. Ethanol is a high octane, liquid, domestic and renewable fuel produced by the fermentation of plant sugars. In the United States, ethanol is typically produced from corn and other grain products, although in the future it may be economically produced from other biomass resources such as agricultural and forestry wastesRead MoreEssay on Proposal to Save the Environment1423 Words   |  6 PagesProposal to Save the Environment Ever since Ford put out the first main line production car, there has been a market for gasoline. Since then, the automobile has made a humongous impact on the United States, as well as the entire world. This new invention allowed the average citizen to commute to work without the hassle of mass transit and horses. However, with this new supply of automobiles came the demand for the fuel they required to run. It was not known back then that the consumptionRead MoreThe Effect Of Ethanol On The Concentration Of Ethanol1675 Words   |  7 PagesMichaelis Menten Graph of Ethanol (pH 9.0) Representing the Velocity versus Substrate Concentration. Different concentrations of ethanol were used, and the absorbance reading taken through enzyme kinetics. The velocity was calculated through the conversion of the slope of the data points to abs/min. K_m was found to be 5.76Ãâ€"ã€â€"10ã€â€"^(-3) M, V_max 1.71Ãâ€"ã€â€"10ã€â€"^(-3) M/min, K_cat 2.85Ãâ€"ã€â€"10ã€â€"^(-2) ã €â€"minã€â€"^(-1), and K_cat/K_m 4.94 ã€â€"minã€â€"^(-1) M^(-1). Figure 5 - Michaelis Menten Graph of Ethanol (pH 7.2) RepresentingRead MoreThe Trash Problem at Savannah State University1030 Words   |  4 Pagesmore environmentally safe. The program encourages recycling in communities, schools and work place. Through this proposal I plan to implement the program â€Å"Let’s Go Green† at Savannah State University. This program would challenge the faculty, students and the university itself to implement eco-friendly activities into day to day operations or everyday lives. Argument With this proposal I hope the change the way that the university thinks about recycling, energy reduction, and water conservation

Serving in the United States Military Essay - 1142 Words

Serving the United States Military comes with many responsibilities as well as pressure and accountability. However, the military isn’t for everyone, but it offers so much for those who serve. One thing that must be known and dealt with is that this career could be a life threatening one, and there are many obstacles one must go through beforehand. Joining the military isn’t all about wanting to carry a weapon or looking good in a uniform it’s about everyone doing their job to their best trained abilities. There are many reasons for joining the armed forces. Protection of the country, loved ones, and rights of the citizens are all included. Some have never been a part of something bigger than themselves and it’s great for†¦show more content†¦First of all, basic requirements must be met such as, age, certain level of education, aptitude, physical and character requirements. One must be the age of 18 to enlist alone but 17 year olds must have their parents’ consent. A high school diploma must have been earned as well as being a United States Citizen. Certain qualities such as mental preparedness, physical fitness, and readiness are all qualities a member must have to be successful. These qualities will help keep the member mentally stable and be able to handle stressful situations as well as be ready to report for any military assignment. The last but most definitely not least requirement is passing of the ASVAB test. The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery is an academic, timed test meant to gauge the ability to learn a new profession usually made available to all high school juniors. The score received on the ASVAB is the percentage of the people that the test taker has done better on the test than. For example, scoring a 61 would mean the test taker was more successful on the test than 61% of the people that have already taken the ASVAB. It’s all a huge competition to see who qualifies for the harder j obs. In order to pass the test a 32 is required and a perfect score would be a 99. Unfortunately, the ASVAB is just one loop that must be jumped through. (AFBMT) If the ASVAB was not taken in high school then it will be taken at MEPS. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Serving in the United States Military1105 Words   |  5 Pagesto know that serving in the military comes with many benefits that service members can use in their everyday lives However, there is what many people consider drawbacks, as many people feel that the restrictions and limitations to these benefits make them almost impossible to enjoy. Despite its drawbacks, serving in the military comes with great benefits, including medical, educational benefits and more. Healthcare is a huge benefit to military members. One major advantage of military healthcareRead MoreThe United States Armed Forces Essay865 Words   |  4 Pagescurrently 2,204,836 people serving in the United States Armed Forces. Females currently make up 16.2% of those currently serving equating to 358,156 this number includes both enlisted, reserve, and the officer corps. While the Armed Forces has downsized, the percentage of females serving has increased with females now making up 17.8% of all active duty personnel and roughly thirty-nine thousand serving as active duty officers. With the increasing diversity of the military, Secretary of Defense AshRead MoreWomen During The United States Military1345 Words   |  6 Pages 9 April 2016 TOULMIN ESSAY Women have always served in the United States Military, since the beginning of the existence of the United States. I will make the argument, that women can and should be allowed to serve in combat roles, that are traditionally open for men only. Combat does not distinguish between the sexes. This is an important issue for everyone. The main reason, why women have never been allowed to be in combat roles, is because the sight of a wounded woman on the battle fieldRead MoreMilitary Appearance and Uniform1045 Words   |  5 PagesMILITARY UNIFORM AND APPERANCE In my essay I will research on the Military Uniform and Appearance. I will also research on the AR 670-1.This will help me understand and value more the importance of the uniform that I ware and it will be helpful in future reference in my military career. In my essay I will do some comparison from our military appearance and uniforms from other types of jobs that also use uniforms and have different standards that sets us apart from the everydayRead MoreCurrent Affairs Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent Affairs In the United States The world has and will always have their beliefs and ideas about different groups in society. Every group in society gets judged in many different ways for example, the LGBTQ community has experienced many judgments, violence, hate, and discrimination since 1924. It is not a secret that there is a huge problem of inequality and discrimination in the United States military. In 1993, the policy â€Å"Dont Ask, Dont Tell† prohibited openly lesbian, gay, and bisexualRead MoreMilitary Uniform and Appearance1066 Words   |  5 PagesIn my essay I will research on the Military Uniform and Appearance. I will also research on the AR 670-1.This will help me understand and value more the importance of the uniform that I ware and it will be helpful in future reference in my military career. In my essay I will do some comparison from our military appearance and uniforms from other types of jobs that also use uniforms and have different standards that sets us apart from the everyday use o f a regular uniform. In everyday life weRead MoreBenefits Of A United States Marine Corps1016 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits for a United States Marine Corps The United States Marine Corps have many jobs to protect and serve the United States. Some of the ways a Marine serves the United States is by protecting naval bases, guarding U.S. embassies, and providing a quick strike force to protect U.S. interests (â€Å"Answers to the Top Marine Corps Questions†). Being a Marine that serves and protects the United States comes with many benefits. â€Å"A career as a Marine rewards you with a salary, benefits, incentives andRead MoreBenefits Of A United States Marine Corps1072 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits for a United States Marine Corps â€Å"The Marines are a part of the Department of the Navy and operate in close cooperation with U.S. Navy forces at sea† (â€Å"Answers to the Top Marine Corps Questions†). The United States Marine Corps have many jobs to protect and serve the U.S. Some of the ways a Marine serves the United States is by protecting naval bases, guarding U.S. embassies, and providing a quick strike force to protect U.S. interests (â€Å"Answers to the Top Marine Corps Questions†). BeingRead MoreThe Draft Of The Vietnam Draft Lottery1528 Words   |  7 PagesStarting in the 1960s, the Cold War began to create problems for the United States. The United States adopted the Domino Theory, which stated that if one country fell to Communism than other countries in the region would follow. American foreign policy was largely centered around this idea and once Northern and Southern Vietnam fell into conflict, the United States became fearful that Communism would spread throughout Asia. The United States needed to send troops into Vietnam, but many people opposed theRead MorePersuasive Essay About Military Draft1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe military draft is now a thing of the past since World War II and the Vietnam War. Today the military draft seems obsolete with the rise in volunteers. Over the past half-century, military drafts have controlled the fates of eligible men on and off the battlefield. Thankfully this is not the case today with qualified men and women signing up and risking their lives for their country. With the United States at war in the Middle East, having plenty of volunteers is essential in the effort to win

Article Critique Up on Downloading free essay sample

This should be a great resource to market and sell music. The music industry should not have any t yep of money problems. The industry needs to use their resources more creatively and effectively in order to get the most out of it. In Professor Charles Mesons model Speed Bumps, he proposes making legal downloading of music cheap and attractive and diminishing the quality of i Illegal downloaded music (Macrame 1). I agree with Professor Mesons, think if the music was cheaper to download that more people would pay for their mum sic instead of doing it illegally.There are many ways to make music affordable for DOD unloading Berger 2 while allowing the music industry to make a profit as well. People love to get baa origins or even better get things for free. If the music industry remembers that they will get out of there money crisis easily. I think if Tunes ran monthly specials like my current grocery store they would get more sales and loyal customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Article Critique: Up on Downloading or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example if they ha ad buy one and get one free sale on songs or even reduced prices for older or not as popular songs they would earn more revenue.In this essay, Strain anticipates a situation where people are paying money o n a bulk subscription model (Macrame 1). Tunes could have different levels of subscriptions such as you can be one of the first ones to get new releases first downloaded so many songs a month for one low price. I dont understand w why the music industry hasnt done anything like this yet. There are many successful ex ample in other industries that do this such as cell phone compassionateness subscripts ins, Entitled and cable companies.This is a very successful concept and dont understand why the music industry isnt capitalizing on what has been already done. Do believe that musicians should make money off of their music. A musicians puts many hours of time and effort into making their music. Musicians should d not expect to make all their money from Tunes or CD sales. The industry has changed s Musicians need to change as well. Remember the old saying not to put all you our eggs in one basket. Well, musicians need to remember that and become diversified They Berger 3 can go our tour and sell their merchandise at concerts .Music is used in a lot Of commercials and TV shows. A musicians can also become a producer for other people music. So to me it doesnt seem like the music industry is in as bad of a crisis that they are saying they are in. Is it ethically wrong to download music without paying for its? Think it depend ads on who you ask. Music used to be so simple. You listened to it on the radio of r free . You bought a CD or a tape when you wanted a copy of your favorite music. T hose of us who grew up without Tunes,Youth and without the internet paid for our m sic.I did and I feel like it is steal when you download music without paying for it. Those who have grew up with getting their music off the internet may not fee I that its wrong to illegally download music since they have been doing it all their live sees. There are so many sites where you can stream music for free such as Spottily, Reaps odd, Pandora and Jingo. Believe that music industry needs to come to terms with changing technology and change their way of doing business. They will not be successful till they u technology to their advantage.

Industrial And Organizational Psychology Paper free essay sample

The field of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology has been studied since the infancy of psychology itself (Spector, 2008). In the beginning, I/O psychology was wholly concerned with the industrial side of the field—which concentrated on the management aspects of business and emphasized human resources—as opposed to the organization side, which is concerned with improving work conditions in the workplace. Yet, as the field has grown over the years it has come to include the full spectrum of industry and organization. Strictly speaking, I/O psychology is defined as, â€Å"†¦an applied field that is concerned with the development and application of scientific principles to the workplace† (Spector, 2008, p. 5). On a practical level, the aim of I/O psychology is to, â€Å"†¦improve the quality of the environment for employees as well as to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of employee behavior in that environment† (Barnes-Holmes et. al. , 2006, p. 56). The concise definition and practical application of I/O psychology are only the capstone to an understanding of the length and breadth of the field. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial And Organizational Psychology Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A full examination of the evolution of I/O psychology as well as an explanation of the role that research and statistics play in I/O psychology are needed to form the foundation on which the capstone is placed. Evolution of I/O Psychology I/O psychology has its roots in the late 1800s and early 1900s when early psychologists were trying to apply the theories of psychology to the organization of business (Spector, 2008). Two scientists are attributed with the founding work of I/O psychology: Huge Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott. Both were university professors that had an interest in employee selection and the application of new psychological tests to the subject of industry. In fact, two of I/O psychology’s foundational books, The Theory of Advertising (1903) and Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1913) were written by Scott and Munsterberg, respectively. The methodological next step beyond Scott and Munsterberg came in 1911 when Frederick Winslow Taylor developed his theory of â€Å"Scientific Management†, which puts for a scientific procedure for the managing of production workers on the factory line. The field of I/O psychology took a leap in technological applicability when Frank Gilbreth, an engineer, and Lillian Gilbreth, a psychologists, combined the knowledgebase of their respective fields into one eclectic theory of human factors—which is wholly concerned with the design of technology for use by people (Spector, 2008). Ironically, it was the destruction of World War I (WWI) and World War II (WWII) that most furthered the development and relevance of I/O psychology. During WWI several psychologists, led by Robert Yerkes, produced the Army Alpha and Army Beta group tests, which were designed to gauge mental ability to the end of proper unit placement. Before WWII the APA proper was not concerned with the practice of psychology in the real-world, but limited itself to experimental psychology. However, in 1944 Division 14 of Industrial and Business Psychology was formed within the APA to address the need for a practice side of I/O psychology. In 1970 Division 14 was reorganized as the APA Division of Industrial and Organization Psychology and is today referred to as the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP). Over the past century the field of I/O psychology has grown to include work conditions and work satisfaction—the organization side of the field—into the theoretical and academic body of research that the field encompasses. As an example, the current organizational explanation of individual goals and self-regulatory activities takes an integrative perspective, incorporating the person, the social situation, and environmental factors into one theoretical framework (Kanfer, 2005). Today I/O psychology is applied to both scientific research in the laboratory and practice in the field to deal with the issues and problems that affect businesses and organizations of the day. Research and Statistics in I/O Psychology There are two main settings in which I/O psychology takes place: research and practice (Spector, 2008). Both settings greatly overlap in the real-world, everyday work of I/O psychologists. The practice division of I/O psychology applies psychological principles to the work environment, business structure, and hiring practices of industries and organizations; whereas, the research division develops the aforementioned psychological principles to be used in the practice of I/O psychology. No matter the setting, I/O psychology utilizes the scientific method to determine the underlying psychological principles and applicable practices relevant to businesses and organizations. Four concepts necessary to the extrapolation of the cientific method onto the subject-matter of I/O psychology include: 1) the research question; 2) research design; 3) measurement and; 4) statistics. A research question that is testable through the avenues of the scientific method must be specific and usually includes precise theoretical predications about the outcome of the research—hypothesis. The great power of the scientific method comes through the manipulation of independent variables and subsequent observation of dependent variables to the end of unraveling the affects of confounding while simultaneously isolating causal and correlated variables. The basic structure of research design can be invasive—as in the case of control groups—or simply observational in nature. The several types of research design consist of: survey designs (questionnaires)—both cross-sectional and longitudinal, observational designs—both obtrusive and unobtrusive; and qualitative studies, which entail the use of non-quantitative data to substantiate psychological principles.

Sitting Bull Essays

Sitting Bull Essays Sitting Bull Paper Sitting Bull Paper If we live to the biblical life-span of three score years and ten, then the vast majority of our life-cycle will be spent in adulthood an area about which little was known in terms of psychological theory and research until fairly recently. Indeed Levinson et al (1978) go so far as to describe adulthood as one of the best-kept secrets in our society and probably in human history, generally . Can it be possible that by applying the psychological perspective of a theory of lives to an adults passage through life that we could gain a better understanding of an individuals life structure or as Levinson (1978) describes the concept the underlying pattern or design of a persons life at a given time (quoted in Sugarman p. 103)? In an effort to answer this question, I have chosen to examine the life of possibly one of the best known Native American Chiefs namely Sitting Bull (Tatanka-Iyotanka) of the Hunkpapa Sioux. I chose to read 2 biographies on Sitting Bull and although both are on the same person, the authors use different approaches to provide insights into the mans character. The main theories of lives which I chose to apply in this assignment were those of Erikson, (with particular reference to his development of ego strengths) and Maslow, since I felt that they were likely to be more relevant, given Sitting Bulls cultural background, then a more modern theory such as Levinsons. Also, much of Eriksons research was done amongst the Sioux Indians while if we were to look at the fifteen characteristic traits of self-actualising people as identified by Maslow (quoted in Sugarman, pp. 31-34), then it could certainly be suggested that Sitting Bull was operating successfully at some, if not indeed all, of these levels. Stanley Vestals biography Sitting Bull Champion of the Sioux (3rd ed. 1989) approached the character of Sitting Bull by way of the literary method after spending 5 years gathering information for the original edition of the book in 1932. Vestal spent much of his youth living in Indian Territory, playing games with Cheyenne and Arapaho boys and consequently developing what would seem to be an abiding interest in their culture. Upon deciding to write a biography on Sitting Bull after the first World War, he returned to Sioux country where there were still tribal members living who had experienced Indian life firsthand along with some who had known Sitting Bull personally. It is worth mentioning here that only those who actually knew the Sioux and could merit their confidence were able to secure factual data so perhaps a strong point in Vestals favour, at least from my personal point of view, was the realisation that he had obviously gained enough of the Siouxs confidence to be adopted, as a son, in 1929 by One Bull, a nephew of Sitting Bull; who along with another nephew, White Bull (supposedly the Indian who actually killed Custer at Little Big Horn) provided their support and co-operation to enable their uncles life story to be printed. Indeed for more than half a century, Vestals work dominated book-shelves as the standard biography of Sitting Bull, a fact acknowledged by Robert Utley in my other chosen reading The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull (1998) which builds the character of Sitting Bull by historical method; although he does admit that sources he used provided him with enough persuasive evidence to corroborate the essence of the image recalled for Vestal by White Bull, One Bull and the other Indians of the 1920s The problem which Utley seems to suffer from is similar to the one which I also faced when attempting to apply the relevance of a theory of lives to Sitting Bulls life-history in that it is difficult to look at him in terms of his cultural norms and not mine, although there are occasions when it has been possible to use what little knowledge I have learned about his culture to perhaps better understand his motivations or at least not pass judgement on him through my lack of understanding. Sitting Bull was born in March 1831 at Many-Caches on the south bank of Grand River, South Dakota. As a child he was nicknamed Slow, seemingly because even as a child, he did not instantly put food from his hand to his mouth (as is the habit of most babies) but instead held the food in his hand, constantly turning it over and looking at it before deciding to eat it although once he accepted it, however, he never let go (Vestal, p. 3), and as we will discover this tenacity was a characteristic which he maintained right up to the day that he died. Even as a child, Sitting Bull was proud of his nation and longed for the time when he could share the brave adventures of the warriors. We need to understand here that to the Sioux prestige, especially won on the warpath was an all important dream so it seems small wonder that at the age of 14, Sitting Bull was so eager to prove to the Sioux that he was a man that he followed his father and other warriors on a raid against the Crow where he successfully achieved the goal of every Indian warrior namely counting coup, i. e.touching or striking the enemy with the hand or with a coup-stick. Although our culture may find it difficult to comprehend, Indians regarded hand-to-hand combat as the only manly form of battle even after they had obtained long-range weapons because the prime object of Plains Indian warfare was not bloodshed or manslaughter of the enemy, but a way of distinguishing oneself. Consequently, counting coup was rated by the Indians as a more greater war honour than the mere killing of an enemy and indeed all their social privileges were dependent upon achieving as many coups as possible. Small wonder then that at age 14, Sitting Bull appeared to be particularly concerned with finding his own personal space in Sioux adult society. He certainly seems to have obtained formal operational thought as defined by Piaget in that he could think what others would think of him, because before riding off to join his father and the other warriors, he was able to conceive that had he informed his mother and his two sisters of his intentions then they would soon remind him that he was just a boy, only fourteen years old (Vestal, p. 8), and also of how upon catching up with the other warriors he felt the silent disapproval of these men (Vestal, p. 8). At this stage of his life, Sitting Bull might be seen as matching Eriksons 5th stage of psychosocial development, since he seems to have gained some understanding of the values and beliefs of his culture to which he felt he must show commitment and loyalty, thus he appears to have been successful in producing the ego strength of fidelity whereby the need is felt to be true to ourselves. Indeed, Erikson suggests that the achievement of a sense of self-identity can carry people through difficult times in their lives and provide them with a feeling of being at home in ones body, a sense of knowing where one is going and an inner assurance of anticipated recognition from those who count (Gross p. 633) It might also be suggested that even at the young age of 14, Sitting Bull seems to be motivated to address himself to the 4th level in Maslows hierarchy of needs self esteem, since he appears to be seeking a high level of self-respect and also respect from others which, when satisfied, leads as Maslow suggests to feelings of self-confidence, worth, strength, capability, and adequacy, of being useful and necessary in the world (Maslow, 1970, p.45 quoted in Sugarman, p. 31). Having achieved a sense of adult identity, Erikson suggests that the developmental task of early adulthood is to achieve the ego strength of love achieved through the establishment of intimacy the adaptive outcome of his 6th psychosocial stage. The maladaptive outcome of this stage is isolation, although it should be stressed here that Erikson does not see these adaptive/maladaptive personality outcomes as either/or alternatives, suggesting instead that every personality represents a mixture of both with healthy development involving the adaptive outweighing the maladaptive. With regard to Sitting Bulls exploits in early adulthood, it should be recognised that Sioux mores exalted female chastity a point seemingly observed by General Sully in his official statement that the females of the wild bands of Sioux, called the Teton Sioux, set an example of virtue worthy of being copied by any civilized nation (Vestal p. 24).

Protecting Intellectual Property Rights In Software Essay

Protecting Intellectual Property Rights In Software - Essay Example In addition, the rules which come under ‘intellectual property right’ offer various techniques for saving these rights of possession depending on their category. However, there are fundamentally 4 kinds of intellectual property rights which are applied to software, copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secrets. Additionally, each type offers a specific legal defense. For instance, copyrights, patents and trade secrets are utilized to protect the technology itself. Moreover, trademarks do not protect technology; however they are used to protect symbols or names used to differentiate a product in the market (Freibrun, 2011; ZINNOV LLC, 2001; Locklizard, 2011). This paper outlines some of the important ways to protect intellectual property in software industry. This paper will discuss intellectual property rights which are used for software such as copyright, patent and trademark. Copyright Software copyright is a rule or regulation that affects anybody who makes use of a computer, and especially the companies; it is not rare for a company to face civil or yet illegal proceedings for software copyright violation. On the other hand, it is a difficult part of law that is not extensively recognized (Kerr, 2007; InnovAccess, 2009. In addition, software copyright is not fundamentally dissimilar from some other kinds of copyright. Though, there are specific scenario of copyright law that is explicit to software, for the reason that there are realistic dissimilarities among software as well as other aspects that can be copyrighted (poems, books, sculptures, drawings, etc.). Additionally, the copyright law offers a programmer (or in the scenario of a working programmer, that programmer's company) an extensive degree of power over the system/application/program that he or she develops. For instance, the proprietor of copyright in a part of computer software that has the right to stop others from making copies of the software, or some considerable fraction of the software, whether the copy right infringer creates the copy by pasting application on hard disk, floppy disk, CD ROM, or by printing out a hard copy of the code of the software (Kerr, 2007; InnovAccess, 2009). When somebody develops a unique piece of application/code/software, that individual then apply something known as copyright to that application. In addition, applying the copyright to application or software outlines that owner of that particular application has the security of the law thus nobody can attempt to take their software. Additionally, under copyright law, people are not allowed to: (Copley, 2011) Make a copy the application or software intended for other people Loan the software to some other individuals Offer the software on rent to other people Making an illegal installation of application on a network when other people are able to make use of its or access it Moreover, if somebody does not comply with the law or regulation of copyright, they could be pena lized with fines or even through imprisonment. The cause for this is that making software engages work of a lot of people and might take thousands of hours. It is simply fair that all this effort is protected (Copley, 2011). In this scenario, the US Copyright Office recognizes the software to be â€Å"a group of declarations or commands to be employed openly or not directly in a system to carry about a specific output.† However, copyright security is not implemented to thoughts, ideas, program logic, algorithms, techniques or layouts (ClickandCopyright, 2011). In addition, in software copyrights scenario the